Jazz 'Round the Midnight

• I、爵士樂是什麼？
• II、五花八門的爵士樂
• III、Jam Session

I、爵士樂是什麼？

• Internal definition
  • 元素：樂器、型式、「味道」
  • 性質：即興、平等、用典
• External definition
  • 演奏/聽眾族群與音樂認同
  • 音樂政治：Blues、Groups、Gender

Internal definition – 元素:樂器

樂器：樂團、軍樂隊、電子時代

• 銅管樂器
• 爵士鼓
• Acoustic vs. Electric
  • guitar/bass, keyboard, drums
• Jazz Organ
  • "A Child Is Born", Thad Jones (Rhoda Scott), 譜例

Internal definition – 元素:型式

• 時間藝術的三段體
  • 戲劇、ABA、奏鳴曲式、交響曲式
  • Head, Choruses, Head
• Scopes: 樂曲、樂句、和聲
• Chord Changes

Internal definition – 元素:味道

• 音階(調式)
  • Blues, Diminished, Augmented, Modal
• 和聲
  • "Lush Life", Billy Strayhorn, (Nancy Wilson)
  • "Misty", Erroll Garner, 譜例
• 分句
  • "Well You Needn't", Thelonious Monk, 譜例
• 節奏: syncopation, swing 8th, straight 8th
  • Ragtime
    • "Nothin'", Luckey Roberts & Willie "The Lion" Smith
  • Swing
  • Latin
    • "Spain", Chick Corea, 譜例1, 譜例2

Internal definition - 性質:即興

• 即興vs.即興風味
• 古典音樂照譜彈？
  • 數字低音
  • "Autumn (2nd mvt)", Vivaldi
• Who needs rehearsal?
  • 音樂表現向度不同

Internal definition - 性質:平等

「平等」的遊戲

• 輪流獨秀
• 低音與節奏樂器的時代
  • bass solo, Charlie Mingus
  • drums solo, Art Blakey

Internal definition - 性質:用典

Standards, Classics

• Repertoire
• Allusion
  • "Take the A Train", Strayhorn/Ellington, (Ella Fitzgerald)
  • "Lush Life", Billy Strayhorn, (Nancy Wilson)
• Parody?
  • "A Chick from Corea", Steve Bailey & Victor Wooten
• Vocalese
  • Eddie Jefferson
    • "So What", Miles Davis
    • "Now’s the Time", Charlie Parker

External definition – 認同

演奏/聽眾族群與音樂認同

• 古典音樂「家」，爵士樂「師」，搖滾吉他「手」
• 語言認同、種族認同
  • 行話: cats, long-hair, swing, straight, blow, turn-around, bridge, comp, horn, jam, lick, riff, run, sideman, walk, trade 8, trade 4

External definition – 政治: Blues

Jazz vs. Blues

• Finance Service advertisement: Ellis Marsalis
• Blues源流
  • "Delta Blues", Robert Johnson
  • "C Jam Blues", Duke Ellington, (Oscar Peterson)
• Blues型式
  • 詞 (主題、內容、型式)
  • 曲 (音階、和聲、調性)
  • 譜例 "C Jam Blues"

External definition – 政治: Groups

• 「美國」/「黑人」的爵士樂？
• Jazz Department in Lincoln Center, Julliard, Curtis
• 歐亞非南北美
  • Jazz Exile, Fusion, African, Latin
  • "La Danse du Bonheur", John McLaughlin/Shakti
    • "Modern" Jazz: alienation
    • 樂迷收藏，"traditional jazz"，版權
  • "The Girl from Ipanema",Getz/Gilberto
    • Brazilian Culture Renaissance

External definition – 政治:Gender

• Vocal/Ballad(e)
  • 女性歌手、鋼琴手
  • 只屬於爵士們的爵士樂？
    • Billie Tipton Saxophone Quartet
    • Jazzman vs. Diva
      • 「適合」女生的樂器：Concerts for eyes
      • Women-unfriendly business
• Ella Fitzgerald
  • 早期嬌嗓柔聲
    • "A Tisket, a Tasket"
    • "Cow-cow Boogie"
  • 晚期性感磁聲
    • "How High the Moon"
    • 磁性 vs. sexy
  • Scat
    • "C Jam Blues", Duke Ellington, (Ella Fitzgerald)

II、五花八門的爵士樂

• "Standards"
• 百花齊放
• "Modern"

五花八門的爵士樂 - "Standards"

• Ragtime
  • Scott Joplin
• Blues
• Big Band Swing: danceable, golden age
  • "In the Mood", Glenn Miller
• Bebop
  • Thelonious Monk
• Cool
  • "Freddie Freeloader", Kind of Blue, Miles Davis
  • Hard-bop
    • "Heychico", Charisma, Lee Morgan

五花八門的爵士樂 - 百花齊放

• Latin
  • Antonio Carlos Jobim
• Fusion, Acid, Funk
  • Cassiopeia Jazz Quartet
  • Chick Corea
  • Herbie Hancock
  • Lucky Thompson Quartet
• Smooth / New Age
  • Kenny G
  • George Winston
• Rock/Classical/Ethno Influence
  • Miles Davis
  • Modern Jazz Quartet
  • "African" percussion

五花八門的爵士樂 - "Modern"

• Avant-Garde
  • "Better Get Hit in Yo' Soul", Charles Mingus
  • "I Fall in Love Too Easily", Chet Baker
  • "Part II C- Live in Koln", Keith Jarrett
  • "Waltz for Debby", Bill Evans
  • "Japan", Pharoah Sanders
• John Coltrane Pre-/Post- Coltrane Jazz (1967)
  • "My Favorite Things"
  • Original- '61
  • Post- '66 Live in Japan
• Radical Jewish Culture
  • "Tahah", John Zorn (Masada)

III、Jam Session

• Rhythm section
  • Piano
  • Bass
  • Drums
• Sheet music
  • Chord charts
  • Fake books